Macular telangiectasia type 2.

TitleMacular telangiectasia type 2.
Publication TypeJournal Article
Year of Publication2013
AuthorsIssa, PCharbel, Gillies, MC, Chew, EY, Bird, AC, Heeren, TFC, Peto, T, Holz, FG, Scholl, HPN
JournalProg Retin Eye Res
Volume34
Pagination49-77
Date Published2013 May
ISSN1873-1635
KeywordsDiagnosis, Differential, Humans, Macula Lutea, Retinal Diseases, Telangiectasis, Visual Acuity
Abstract

Macular telangiectasia type 2 is a bilateral disease of unknown cause with characteristic alterations of the macular capillary network and neurosensory atrophy. Its prevalence may be underestimated and has recently been shown to be as high as 0.1% in persons 40 years and older. Biomicroscopy may show reduced retinal transparency, crystalline deposits, mildly ectatic capillaries, blunted venules, retinal pigment plaques, foveal atrophy, and neovascular complexes. Fluorescein angiography shows telangiectatic capillaries predominantly temporal to the foveola in the early phase and a diffuse hyperfluorescence in the late phase. High-resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT) may reveal disruption of the photoreceptor inner segment-outer segment border, hyporeflective cavities at the level of the inner or outer retina, and atrophy of the retina in later stages. Macular telangiectasia type 2 shows a unique depletion of the macular pigment in the central retina and recent therapeutic trials showed that such depleted areas cannot re-accumulate lutein and zeaxanthin after oral supplementation. There have been various therapeutic approaches with limited or no efficacy. Recent clinical trials with compounds that block vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) have established the role of VEGF in the pathophysiology of the disease, but have not shown significant efficacy, at least for the non-neovascular disease stages. Recent progress in structure-function correlation may help to develop surrogate outcome measures for future clinical trials. In this review article, we summarize the current knowledge on macular telangiectasia type 2, including the epidemiology, the genetics, the clinical findings, the staging and the differential diagnosis of the disease. Findings using retinal imaging are discussed, including fluorescein angiography, OCT, adaptive optics imaging, confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, and fundus autofluorescence, as are the findings using visual function testing including visual acuity and fundus-controlled microperimetry. We provide an overview of the therapeutic approaches for both non-neovascular and neovascular disease stages and provide a perspective of future directions including animal models and potential therapeutic approaches.

DOI10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.11.002
Alternate JournalProg Retin Eye Res
PubMed ID23219692
PubMed Central IDPMC3638089
Grant ListU54 HG003273 / HG / NHGRI NIH HHS / United States
U54 HG006542 / HG / NHGRI NIH HHS / United States
Z99 EY999999 / NU / Intramural NIH HHS / United States
1U54HG006542-01 / HG / NHGRI NIH HHS / United States