@article {1008, title = {SPEN haploinsufficiency causes a neurodevelopmental disorder overlapping proximal 1p36 deletion syndrome with an episignature of X chromosomes in females.}, journal = {Am J Hum Genet}, volume = {108}, year = {2021}, month = {2021 03 04}, pages = {502-516}, abstract = {

Deletion 1p36 (del1p36) syndrome is the most common human disorder resulting from a terminal autosomal deletion. This condition is molecularly and clinically heterogeneous. Deletions involving two non-overlapping regions, known as the distal (telomeric) and proximal (centromeric) critical regions, are sufficient to cause the majority of the recurrent clinical features, although with different facial features and dysmorphisms. SPEN encodes a transcriptional repressor commonly deleted in proximal del1p36 syndrome and is located centromeric to the proximal 1p36 critical region. Here, we used clinical data from 34 individuals with truncating variants in SPEN to define a neurodevelopmental disorder presenting with features that overlap considerably with those of proximal del1p36 syndrome. The clinical profile of this disease includes developmental delay/intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, anxiety, aggressive behavior, attention deficit disorder, hypotonia, brain and spine anomalies, congenital heart defects, high/narrow palate, facial dysmorphisms, and obesity/increased BMI, especially in females. SPEN also emerges as a relevant gene for del1p36 syndrome by co-expression analyses. Finally, we show that haploinsufficiency of SPEN is associated with a distinctive DNA methylation episignature of the X chromosome in affected females, providing further evidence of a specific contribution of the protein to the epigenetic control of this chromosome, and a paradigm of an X chromosome-specific episignature that classifies syndromic traits. We conclude that SPEN is required for multiple developmental processes and SPEN haploinsufficiency is a major contributor to a disorder associated with deletions centromeric to the previously established 1p36 critical regions.

}, keywords = {Adolescent, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Child, Child, Preschool, Chromosome Deletion, Chromosome Disorders, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1, Chromosomes, Human, X, DNA Methylation, DNA-Binding Proteins, Epigenesis, Genetic, Female, Haploinsufficiency, Humans, Intellectual Disability, Male, Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Phenotype, RNA-Binding Proteins, Young Adult}, issn = {1537-6605}, doi = {10.1016/j.ajhg.2021.01.015}, author = {Radio, Francesca Clementina and Pang, Kaifang and Ciolfi, Andrea and Levy, Michael A and Hernandez-Garcia, Andres and Pedace, Lucia and Pantaleoni, Francesca and Liu, Zhandong and de Boer, Elke and Jackson, Adam and Bruselles, Alessandro and McConkey, Haley and Stellacci, Emilia and Lo Cicero, Stefania and Motta, Marialetizia and Carrozzo, Rosalba and Dentici, Maria Lisa and McWalter, Kirsty and Desai, Megha and Monaghan, Kristin G and Telegrafi, Aida and Philippe, Christophe and Vitobello, Antonio and Au, Margaret and Grand, Katheryn and Sanchez-Lara, Pedro A and Baez, Joanne and Lindstrom, Kristin and Kulch, Peggy and Sebastian, Jessica and Madan-Khetarpal, Suneeta and Roadhouse, Chelsea and MacKenzie, Jennifer J and Monteleone, Berrin and Saunders, Carol J and Jean Cuevas, July K and Cross, Laura and Zhou, Dihong and Hartley, Taila and Sawyer, Sarah L and Monteiro, Fabiola Paoli and Secches, Tania Vertemati and Kok, Fernando and Schultz-Rogers, Laura E and Macke, Erica L and Morava, Eva and Klee, Eric W and Kemppainen, Jennifer and Iascone, Maria and Selicorni, Angelo and Tenconi, Romano and Amor, David J and Pais, Lynn and Gallacher, Lyndon and Turnpenny, Peter D and Stals, Karen and Ellard, Sian and Cabet, Sara and Lesca, Gaetan and Pascal, Joset and Steindl, Katharina and Ravid, Sarit and Weiss, Karin and Castle, Alison M R and Carter, Melissa T and Kalsner, Louisa and de Vries, Bert B A and van Bon, Bregje W and Wevers, Marijke R and Pfundt, Rolph and Stegmann, Alexander P A and Kerr, Bronwyn and Kingston, Helen M and Chandler, Kate E and Sheehan, Willow and Elias, Abdallah F and Shinde, Deepali N and Towne, Meghan C and Robin, Nathaniel H and Goodloe, Dana and Vanderver, Adeline and Sherbini, Omar and Bluske, Krista and Hagelstrom, R Tanner and Zanus, Caterina and Faletra, Flavio and Musante, Luciana and Kurtz-Nelson, Evangeline C and Earl, Rachel K and Anderlid, Britt-Marie and Morin, Gilles and van Slegtenhorst, Marjon and Diderich, Karin E M and Brooks, Alice S and Gribnau, Joost and Boers, Ruben G and Finestra, Teresa Robert and Carter, Lauren B and Rauch, Anita and Gasparini, Paolo and Boycott, Kym M and Barakat, Tahsin Stefan and GrAHm, John M and Faivre, Laurence and Banka, Siddharth and Wang, Tianyun and Eichler, Evan E and Priolo, Manuela and Dallapiccola, Bruno and Vissers, Lisenka E L M and Sadikovic, Bekim and Scott, Daryl A and Holder, Jimmy Lloyd and Tartaglia, Marco} } @article {790, title = {Bi-allelic GAD1 variants cause a neonatal onset syndromic developmental and epileptic encephalopathy.}, journal = {Brain}, volume = {143}, year = {2020}, month = {2020 05 01}, pages = {1447-1461}, abstract = {

Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies are a heterogeneous group of early-onset epilepsy syndromes dramatically impairing neurodevelopment. Modern genomic technologies have revealed a number of monogenic origins and opened the door to therapeutic hopes. Here we describe a new syndromic developmental and epileptic encephalopathy caused by bi-allelic loss-of-function variants in GAD1, as presented by 11 patients from six independent consanguineous families. Seizure onset occurred in the first 2 months of life in all patients. All 10 patients, from whom early disease history was available, presented with seizure onset in the first month of life, mainly consisting of epileptic spasms or myoclonic seizures. Early EEG showed suppression-burst or pattern of burst attenuation or hypsarrhythmia if only recorded in the post-neonatal period. Eight patients had joint contractures and/or pes equinovarus. Seven patients presented a cleft palate and two also had an omphalocele, reproducing the phenotype of the knockout Gad1-/- mouse model. Four patients died before 4 years of age. GAD1 encodes the glutamate decarboxylase enzyme GAD67, a critical actor of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) metabolism as it catalyses the decarboxylation of glutamic acid to form GABA. Our findings evoke a novel syndrome related to GAD67 deficiency, characterized by the unique association of developmental and epileptic encephalopathies, cleft palate, joint contractures and/or omphalocele.

}, keywords = {Abnormalities, Multiple, Epileptic Syndromes, Female, Glutamate Decarboxylase, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Male, Mutation, Pedigree}, issn = {1460-2156}, doi = {10.1093/brain/awaa085}, author = {Chatron, Nicolas and Becker, Felicitas and Morsy, Heba and Schmidts, Miriam and Hardies, Katia and Tuysuz, Beyhan and Roselli, Sandra and Najafi, Maryam and Alkaya, Dilek Uludag and Ashrafzadeh, Farah and Nabil, Amira and Omar, Tarek and Maroofian, Reza and Karimiani, Ehsan Ghayoor and Hussien, Haytham and Kok, Fernando and Ramos, Luiza and Gunes, Nilay and Bilguvar, Kaya and Labalme, Audrey and Alix, Eudeline and Sanlaville, Damien and de Bellescize, Julitta and Poulat, Anne-Lise and Moslemi, Ali-Reza and Lerche, Holger and May, Patrick and Lesca, Gaetan and Weckhuysen, Sarah and Tajsharghi, Homa} } @article {678, title = {Heterozygous Variants in KMT2E Cause a Spectrum of Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Epilepsy.}, journal = {Am J Hum Genet}, volume = {104}, year = {2019}, month = {2019 Jun 06}, pages = {1210-1222}, abstract = {

We delineate a KMT2E-related neurodevelopmental disorder on the basis of 38 individuals in 36 families. This study includes 31 distinct heterozygous variants in KMT2E (28 ascertained from Matchmaker Exchange and three previously reported), and four individuals with chromosome 7q22.2-22.23 microdeletions encompassing KMT2E (one previously reported). Almost all variants occurred de novo, and most were truncating. Most affected individuals with protein-truncating variants presented with mild intellectual disability. One-quarter of individuals met criteria for autism. Additional common features include macrocephaly, hypotonia, functional gastrointestinal abnormalities, and a subtle facial gestalt. Epilepsy was present in about one-fifth of individuals with truncating variants and was responsive to treatment with anti-epileptic medications in almost all. More than 70\% of the individuals were male, and expressivity was variable by sex; epilepsy was more common in females and autism more common in males. The four individuals with microdeletions encompassing KMT2E generally presented similarly to those with truncating variants, but the degree of developmental delay was greater. The group of four individuals with missense variants in KMT2E presented with the most severe developmental delays. Epilepsy was present in all individuals with missense variants, often manifesting as treatment-resistant infantile epileptic encephalopathy. Microcephaly was also common in this group. Haploinsufficiency versus gain-of-function or dominant-negative effects specific to these missense variants in KMT2E might explain this divergence in phenotype, but requires independent validation. Disruptive variants in KMT2E are an under-recognized cause of neurodevelopmental abnormalities.

}, issn = {1537-6605}, doi = {10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.03.021}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Donnell-Luria, Anne H and Pais, Lynn S and Faundes, V{\'\i}ctor and Wood, Jordan C and Sveden, Abigail and Luria, Victor and Abou Jamra, Rami and Accogli, Andrea and Amburgey, Kimberly and Anderlid, Britt Marie and Azzarello-Burri, Silvia and Basinger, Alice A and Bianchini, Claudia and Bird, Lynne M and Buchert, Rebecca and Carr{\'e}, Wilfrid and Ceulemans, Sophia and Charles, Perrine and Cox, Helen and Culliton, Lisa and Curr{\`o}, Aurora and Demurger, Florence and Dowling, James J and Duban-Bedu, Benedicte and Dubourg, Christ{\`e}le and Eiset, Saga Elise and Escobar, Luis F and Ferrarini, Alessandra and Haack, Tobias B and Hashim, Mona and Heide, Solveig and Helbig, Katherine L and Helbig, Ingo and Heredia, Raul and H{\'e}ron, Delphine and Isidor, Bertrand and Jonasson, Amy R and Joset, Pascal and Keren, Boris and Kok, Fernando and Kroes, Hester Y and Lavillaureix, Alino{\"e} and Lu, Xin and Maas, Saskia M and Maegawa, Gustavo H B and Marcelis, Carlo L M and Mark, Paul R and Masruha, Marcelo R and McLaughlin, Heather M and McWalter, Kirsty and Melchinger, Esther U and Mercimek-Andrews, Saadet and Nava, Caroline and Pendziwiat, Manuela and Person, Richard and Ramelli, Gian Paolo and Ramos, Luiza L P and Rauch, Anita and Reavey, Caitlin and Renieri, Alessandra and Rie{\ss}, Angelika and Sanchez-Valle, Amarilis and Sattar, Shifteh and Saunders, Carol and Schwarz, Niklas and Smol, Thomas and Srour, Myriam and Steindl, Katharina and Syrbe, Steffen and Taylor, Jenny C and Telegrafi, Aida and Thiffault, Isabelle and Trauner, Doris A and van der Linden, Helio and van Koningsbruggen, Silvana and Villard, Laurent and Vogel, Ida and Vogt, Julie and Weber, Yvonne G and Wentzensen, Ingrid M and Widjaja, Elysa and Zak, Jaroslav and Baxter, Samantha and Banka, Siddharth and Rodan, Lance H} } @article {698, title = {Paralog Studies Augment Gene Discovery: DDX and DHX Genes.}, journal = {Am J Hum Genet}, volume = {105}, year = {2019}, month = {2019 Aug 01}, pages = {302-316}, abstract = {

Members of a paralogous gene family in which variation in one gene is known to cause disease are eight times more likely to also be associated with human disease. Recent studies have elucidated DHX30 and DDX3X as genes for which pathogenic variant alleles are involved in neurodevelopmental disorders. We hypothesized that variants in paralogous genes encoding members of the DExD/H-box RNA helicase superfamily might also underlie developmental delay and/or intellectual disability (DD and/or ID) disease phenotypes. Here we describe 15 unrelated individuals who have DD and/or ID, central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction, vertebral anomalies, and dysmorphic features and were found to have probably damaging variants in DExD/H-box RNA helicase genes. In addition, these individuals exhibit a variety of other tissue and organ system involvement including ocular, outer ear, hearing, cardiac, and kidney tissues. Five individuals with homozygous (one), compound-heterozygous (two), or de novo (two) missense variants in DHX37 were identified by exome sequencing. We identified ten total individuals with missense variants in three other DDX/DHX paralogs: DHX16 (four~individuals), DDX54 (three individuals), and DHX34 (three individuals). Most identified variants are rare, predicted to be damaging, and occur at conserved amino acid residues. Taken together, these 15 individuals implicate the DExD/H-box helicases in both dominantly and recessively inherited neurodevelopmental phenotypes and highlight the potential for more than one disease mechanism underlying these disorders.

}, issn = {1537-6605}, doi = {10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.06.001}, author = {Paine, Ingrid and Posey, Jennifer E and Grochowski, Christopher M and Jhangiani, Shalini N and Rosenheck, Sarah and Kleyner, Robert and Marmorale, Taylor and Yoon, Margaret and Wang, Kai and Robison, Reid and Cappuccio, Gerarda and Pinelli, Michele and Magli, Adriano and Coban Akdemir, Zeynep and Hui, Joannie and Yeung, Wai Lan and Wong, Bibiana K Y and Ortega, Lucia and Bekheirnia, Mir Reza and Bierhals, Tatjana and Hempel, Maja and Johannsen, Jessika and Santer, Ren{\'e} and Aktas, Dilek and Alika{\c s}ifo{\u g}lu, Mehmet and Bozdogan, Sevcan and Aydin, Hatip and Karaca, Ender and Bayram, Yavuz and Ityel, Hadas and Dorschner, Michael and White, Janson J and Wilichowski, Ekkehard and Wortmann, Saskia B and Casella, Erasmo B and Kitajima, Joao Paulo and Kok, Fernando and Monteiro, Fabiola and Muzny, Donna M and Bamshad, Michael and Gibbs, Richard A and Sutton, V Reid and Van Esch, Hilde and Brunetti-Pierri, Nicola and Hildebrandt, Friedhelm and Brautbar, Ariel and Van den Veyver, Ignatia B and Glass, Ian and Lessel, Davor and Lyon, Gholson J and Lupski, James R} } @article {134, title = {Expanding the Molecular and Clinical Phenotype of SSR4-CDG.}, journal = {Hum Mutat}, volume = {36}, year = {2015}, month = {2015 Nov}, pages = {1048-51}, abstract = {

Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a group of mostly autosomal recessive disorders primarily characterized by neurological abnormalities. Recently, we described a single CDG patient with a de novo mutation in the X-linked gene, Signal Sequence Receptor 4 (SSR4). We performed whole-exome sequencing to identify causal variants in several affected individuals who had either an undifferentiated neurological disorder or unsolved CDG of unknown etiology based on abnormal transferrin glycosylation. We now report eight affected males with either de novo (4) or inherited (4) loss of function mutations in SSR4. Western blot analysis revealed that the mutations caused a complete loss of SSR4 protein. In nearly all cases, the abnormal glycosylation of serum transferrin was only slightly above the accepted normal cutoff range.

}, keywords = {Calcium-Binding Proteins, Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation, DNA Mutational Analysis, Exome, Gene Order, Genes, X-Linked, Genetic Loci, Humans, Male, Membrane Glycoproteins, Mutation, Phenotype, Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear, Receptors, Peptide}, issn = {1098-1004}, doi = {10.1002/humu.22856}, author = {Ng, Bobby G and Raymond, Kimiyo and Kircher, Martin and Buckingham, Kati J and Wood, Tim and Shendure, Jay and Nickerson, Deborah A and Bamshad, Michael J and Wong, Jonathan T S and Monteiro, Fabiola Paoli and Graham, Brett H and Jackson, Sheryl and Sparkes, Rebecca and Scheuerle, Angela E and Cathey, Sara and Kok, Fernando and Gibson, James B and Freeze, Hudson H} }